Team Development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Group Development - Assignment Example ve correspondence in business relies upon a criticism cycle, which incorporates tuning in to the message, talking and affirming that whatever has been heard is what was expected to be passed over. Gatherings that get occupied with correspondence that is exceptionally intuitive frequently utilize the criticism cycle to arrive at choices that are commonly helpful (Yukl, 2010). At the point when correspondence is done in the association across various levels, the time period, and sort of the criticism cycle can impact the general viability of that association. Pioneers of an organization who invest some energy to pinpoint their generally operational, authoritative correspondence structure frequently take lead in the best groups in the association (Boynton and Fischer, 2005). In such way, cooperative people that adapt their styles of correspondence to line up with those of their pioneers for the most part accomplish more than peers who have a divergence in methods of talking and composing. Associations that have been marked to be the best as a rule figure out how to hit a harmony among correspondence and activity to keep them from falling into a wonder known as ‘analysis paralysis.’ Communicator sort of cooperative people is fundamentally process situated. They are successful facilitators of compromise, inclusion, input, agreement building, and they are acceptable audience members. They likewise help make a casual loosened up atmosphere (Thompson, 2008). As a rule, communicators are â€Å"people person,† meaning he remains with the dominant part, and they now and again consider the to be as the unfortunate chore in itself. They abstain from defying other colleagues and may not put a great deal of accentuation on making headway towards the goals set by the group (Lencioni, 2002).. They are accommodating, loose, strong careful and excited. Their positive traits are that they have the voice of the larger part. In light of their figure, they are better heard and tuned in to by individuals. They are additionally excited

FOUNDATIONS OF SCHOLARSHIP & RESEARCH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Establishments OF SCHOLARSHIP and RESEARCH - Essay Example The data frameworks have given colossal offices to human and information the executives factors. This bit of work additionally contains data systems’ administrations to assemble super tasks (Link, 2008). The job of business experts and IT experts is extremely noteworthy and unavoidable. The experts, in an association, center around data organization, focal frameworks and structure for smooth tasks. As Walters and Tang (2006) state: â€Å"IT-empowered vital administration must address its job plays in the technique content alternatives and needs, system detailing procedures and methodology execution forms. Key administration centers around the recognizing the course of an association, and structuring and founding significant switches expected to gear the association towards moving in the built up directions†. (pp. 02) Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson (2009) articulate that IT gives the devices to nature of administrations QoS and hazard the executives during the time spent vital administration. The examination points are to investigate and distinguish the parameters and relationships between's vital administration and data innovation. A few variables of the understanding appearance in the association among suitable highlights and setup, and the effects of IT on business methodologies, are talked about. This paper uncovers some new roads of data concerns and structuring enterprises’ needs. Moreover, in the act of vital administration, the socio-specialized factors additionally portrayed. Undertaking examination, as indicated by system, regularly is finished for the reasons that followed with vision, results, organization and control (Sadler and Craig, 2003). The expanding complexities of associations have made invite condition for data innovation in which the methodologies are prepared for growing new grounds. IT supplies the precision, consistency and orderly system to

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay Professors on Television

Sample TOEFL Integrated Essay Professors on Television Sample TOEFL Integrated EssayThe QuestionThis integrated question is taken fromTest Twoin theOfficial Guide to the TOEFL. I am not allowed to provide the lecture and reading here, but you I highly recommend that you get a copy of that book for yourself. It is excellent.Special Offer: TOEFL Essay Evaluation and ScoringYou can now sign up to have your practice essays evaluated and scored by the author of this page. This service is a great way to learn how you will do before test day and how you can best prepare for the big day. Sign up today.The Sample Essay The reading and the lecture are both about the value of television appearances by university professors. The author of the reading argues that it is very worthwhile for academics to make such appearances. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. He believes that these appearances are not particularly useful. First of all, the author claims that television appearances help university professors broaden their audie nce, and also help them to be viewed as experts in their subjects by more people than ever before. The author believes that this can increase their importance as academic professionals. This point is challenged by the lecturer. He says that professors who go on television are viewed by their peers as entertainers rather than as true educators. The lecturer claims that being a celebrity could even affect their ability to get funding for their work. Secondly, the author states that television appearances can be beneficial for the universities themselves. It is argued that the prestige of the university is increased when one of their faculty makes a high profile media appearance. The lecturer rebuts this argument. He suggests that universities can suffer because celebrity professors do not have much time for their research and students. He argues that rather than carrying out their duties, they spend a lot of time rehearsing, traveling and getting made-up for their appearances. Finally , the author mentions that there is a net benefit to the public when a professor appears in the media. It is suggested that television is usually quite shallow and that professors can provide a very useful remedy to this problem. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that television networks do not want to present meaningful content. He says that the abbreviated presentations that professors give on television are no more useful than what a regular reporter could deliver.NoteThis is a sample TOEFL personal preference essay written by a native speaker. It follows our TOEFL writing templates for integrated essays. If you find it useful, please remember that we have many more sample essaysfor you to read!

Atl and Btl Advertising - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5561 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/26 Category Advertising Essay Type Persuasive essay Level PHD Did you like this example? Project Report On ‘Effectiveness of Below The Line Advertising’ At IN PARTIAL FULFILLMNT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASTER IN MANAGEMENT STUDIES (MMS) Submitted By ROLL NO. C-06 MMS (2009-2011) Submitted To * DECLARATION I wish to state that the work embodied in this Project titled ‘EFFECTIVENESS OF BTL ADVERTISING’ forms my own contribution to Management. Wherever references have been made to intellectual properties of any individual / Institution / Government / Private / Public Bodies/Universities, research paper, text books, reference books, research monographs, archives of newspapers, corporate, individuals, business / Government and any other source of intellectual properties viz. , speeches, quotations, conference proceedings, extracts from the website, working paper, seminal work et al, they have been clearly indicated, duly acknowledged and included in the Bibliography. _________________________ Signature of Candidate Prandya Patil * ACKNO WLEDGEMENT This project would not have come to fruition without help, wittingly or unwittingly, of a great many people too numerous to mention. This section provides a platform to recognize and acknowledge those fortunate enough to spring to mind. My Industry Mentor, Mr. Gautam Mazumdar should be commended for the guidance, support, and wealth of ideas he provided in order to see this work completed. Our industry mentors should be commended for the guidance, support, and wealth of ideas they provided in order to see this work completed. The credit of the successful completion of the project goes to our mentors at industry our college teachers. Thanks a lot to all the unnamed people who kindly responded to the questionnaire, especially our friends in the college. * Genesis of the report This project is generated to study the effectiveness of advertising. As we see that advertising has become very essential to enter and sustain in the market. Many companies have their tie-ups with different Ad agencies for their product launch, sales promotion, offers and all other marketing awareness activities. And there is lot of money poured into making of effective Ads. Thus, there is need to study that if the companies or an entity approaching to an advertiser is finding that Ad effective or not? Many companies use various promotional activities to increase their market share. These activities can broadly be classified under two categories. 1) ATL (Above the line) or Mass Promotional Activities. e. g. Ads on TV or internet, print media, Banners etc. 2) BTL (Below the line) or personalized/Direct marketing. e. g. Tele-calling, promotion via mailing etc. Companies pour in millions of dollars to promote their brand, create brand awareness and market their services to boost their sales and grab higher market share. So it makes every business sense to know the effectiveness of different media and invest in those which have high effectiveness. The objective of the rese arch was to study the effectiveness of these promotional activities used by businessman and other companies. TABLE OF CONTENTS: DECLARATIONi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTii Genesis of the reportiii A. List of Appendices:1 B. Abbreviations and Definitions:1 I. INTRODUCTION:2 II. LITERATURE REVIEW:6 )Evolution of below -the- line activities6 2)Channels of BTL activities:7 III. BACKGROUND OF THE PLACE OF WORK:10 a)Company Profile:10 b)Services offered:11 c)Media MAXX promotional strategy:13 IV. NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT:14 V. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT:15 VI. PROBLEM FORMULATION:15 VII. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS:16 VIII. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY:16 IX. DATA ANALYSIS:17 X. MANAGEMENT TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED:18 XI. FINDING INTERPRETATION:19 a. General findings from the Research Questionnaire:19 A. Category/Industry Population19 B. Advertising Population20 b. Research findings:21 a)Reason behind Advertising:21 (b)Most Liked feature of Advertising. 22 (c)Respondents perception about BTL23 (d)Confirming Per ception24 (f)Judge Effectiveness of BTL25 (g)Analyzing the effectiveness of various promotional activities:26 XII. HYPOTHESIS TESTING27 XIII. CONCLUSION:28 A. Learning experiences from the project:28 B. SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS:29 C. Limitations:29 XIV. ANNEXURES30 XV. BIBLIOGRAPHY/ REFERENCES34 List of Appendices: Appendix 1: Questionnaire Appendix 2: Chi-Square test, to test the significance of the results for preference of BTL activities. Abbreviations and Definitions: 1] ATL: Above the line Above the line(ATL) is a type of advertising through media such as TV, cinema, radio, print, banners and search engines to promote brands. 2] BTL: Below the line BTL is a type of promotional activity which is targeted to a specific person or group of people very similar in their characteristics. Tele-calling, launching a campaign, erecting canopies, mailing, in-house promotions etc. come under BTL. 3] Ads: Advertisement. Any paid form of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and services by an identified sponsor. The American marketing association I. INTRODUCTION: Everyone is trying to dominate by promoting its brand and product through TV, print, launching campaigns, sending mailers and news-letters etc. methods to promote are many but due to budgetary constraints, search of most effective method of promotion is on, big time. Promotion is classified under two categories ATL and BTL. The report also tries to analyze the effectiveness of BTL advertising by studying the market habits and advertisers understanding, their perception, preference before going for a particular promotion activity. An activity is effective in the market because it is preferred by most of the people. The product qualities or services are good that’s why they are preferred and thus they become effective in the market as there is high no. preference for those activities. The research is broken into 4 main sections. Research design, general findings, analysis of eff ectiveness hypothesis testing and results recommendation. Above the line (ATL), Below the line (BTL), and Through the Line (TTL), in organizational business and marketing communications, are advertising techniques. In a nutshell, while ATL promotions are tailored for a mass audience, BTL promotions are targeted at individuals according to their needs or preferences. While ATL promotions can establish brand identity, BTL can actually lead to a sale. ATL promotions are also difficult to measure well, while BTL promotions are highly measurable, giving marketer valuable insights into their return-on-investment. Promotional activities carried out through mass media, such as television, radio and newspaper, are classed as above the line promotion. Below the line promotion refers to forms of non-media communication or advertising, and has become increasingly important in the communications mix of many companies, not only those involved in fast moving consumer goods, but also for indus trial goods. Through the line refers to an advertising strategy involving both above and below the line communications in which one form of advertising points the target to another form of advertising thereby crossing the line. Above the line sales promotion ATL is a type of advertising through media such as television, cinema, radio, print, web banners and web search engines to promote brands. This type of communication is conventional in nature and is considered impersonal to customers. It differs from BTL advertising, which uses unconventional brand-building strategies, such as direct mail and printed media (and usually involves no motion graphics). It is much more effective when the target group is very large and difficult to define. The term comes from top business managers and involves the way in which Procter Gamble, one of the world’s biggest advertising clients, was charged for its media in the 1950s and 1960s. Advertising agencies made so much commission from booking media for clients that the creative generation and actual production costs of making TV ads was free – hence above the line. Everything else they paid for and was therefore below the line. Since then, models have changed and clients are no longer charged for their media in that way. The line Used loosely, ATL still means mass media. However the media landscape has shifted so dramatically that advertisers have reconsidered the definitions of mass media. For some marketers the line divides the realm of Awareness or Attention focused marketing and that of Interest + Desire focused marketing. Since audience numbers in the Interest and Desire phase of the AIDA sales model narrow down to a fraction of the Awareness audience, the line could be drawn right below the awareness set of activities. Loosely put, everything done prior to a customers actual entry into a retail outlet is ATL for these retailers, as they define shop-floor activities as the true BTL set of activiti es which decide on which brand sells eventually. Below the line sales promotion BTL sales promotion is an immediate or delayed incentive to purchase, expressed in cash or in kind, and having short duration. It is efficient and cost-effective for targeting a limited and specific group. It uses less conventional methods than the usual ATL channels of advertising, typically focusing on direct means of communication, most commonly direct mail and e-mail, often using highly targeted lists of names to maximize response rates. BTL services may include those for which a fee is agreed upon and charged up front. BTL is a common technique used for touch and feel products (consumer items where the customer will rely on immediate information rather than previously researched items). A BTL technique ensures recall of the brand while at the same time highlighting the features of the product. Another BTL technique involves sales personnel deployed at retail stores near targeted products. This technique may be used to generate trials of newly launched products. Through the line More recently, agencies and clients have switched to an Integrated Communication Approach, or through the line approach. TTL is a neologism describing an existing process, according to Altaf Jasnaik, Corporate Communications and Branding Manager at Sharp Middle East Africa. In the TTL approach, a mix of ATL and BTL are used to integrate a marketers efforts and optimize returns from these separate investments. Recently the TTL approach has shifted its emphasis more towards BTL. The idea remains to optimize the return on marketing budget spent by focusing ones energy on winning smaller yet more crucial BTL battles than ATL wars with well-funded competition. According to EBS Worldwide, mainstream mass broadcast marketing is increasingly being viewed as uneconomical, in terms of return on investment, which is where BTL marketing fits in. Above-the-Line Media| Below-the-Line Media| 1. Are tailor ed to reach a mass audience| Are targeted to individual consumers, based on their expressed needs and preferences| 2. Establish brand identity or reinforce emotional concepts surrounding a product or brand| Issue a â€Å"call-to-action,† inspiring specific customer activity or tailored messages about a product or brand| 3. May or may not drive customer response| Drive individual responses| 4. Are difficult – if not impossible – to measure with any accuracy| Are highly measurable, allowing marketers insight into their return-on-investment, as well as those tactics that are (and are not) working| 5. Cater to the mass market| Establish one-to-one relationships between consumers and marketers| II. LITERATURE REVIEW: 1) Evolution of below -the- line activities In a market rapidly adapting to changes in technology, available information and heightened consumer demand, traditional, brand-oriented advertising is no longer the primary driver of customer behaviour. Whether it’s reflected in dwindling print newspaper circulation or the stagnant market for network television commercials, significant evidence suggests that the marketing landscape has fundamentally shifted – from an â€Å"above-the-line† focus on reaching a broad population with emotionally-oriented appeals, to a â€Å"below-the- line† approach that stresses targeted, customer-centric communications, measurable results and concrete return-on-investment. We believe that the metaphorical â€Å"line† separating marketing philosophies (often quoted, but never precisely defined) is reflected in three key qualities that separate today’s emerging promotional methods from the top-down advertising monologue of the past. Acting in concert, they embody the universal elements of successful below-the-line marketing efforts: * Perception – The extent to which a consumer feels that he or she is engaged as an active participant in a marketing di alogue, rather than a target of an aggressive direct sales or branding effort Interaction – The extent to which consumers are empowered to respond to marketing communications via preferred channels that are both convenient and accessible * Measurability – The extent to which a marketer can track the results of an individual initiative, determine commensurate return-on-investment and adjust future campaigns to provide for an enhanced chance of success Figure 1. 3 Framework of BTL activities Chart 1: Measurability of BTL activities 2) Channels of BTL activities: a) Database marketing: It involves use of proprietary database of consumer records which can enhance prospect or customer data sources with unprecedented demographic, lifestyle and transactional data. It can be utilized for tuning marketing offers targeted at new prospects and provide their current customers with products that more closely match purchasing preferences and habits. ) Mail marketing: It involves creation of compelling branded Mail/email templates and campaign messages, and also our data driven services to develop precise targeting to reach the highest number of quality prospects c) Interactive services: By designing online campaigns that generate valuable and conversions by the use of Web Properties, Affiliate Network and Search Engine Marketing d) Affinity marketing: Enhancing brand value and gaining new customers by affinity programs like collaborations with * Veterans Organizations * Sportsmens Organizations Conservation and Wildlife Advocacy Organizations * Seniors Advocacy Organizations * Political Organizations * Religious Organizations * Youth Activity Organizations * Ethnic Group Advocacy Organizations * Cause Based Organizations Direct Response Print: It’s most common form today is infomercials. It is achieved by eliciting a direct response via television presentations. Viewers respond via telephone or internet, credit card in hand. Other media, such as mag azines, newspapers, radio, and e-mail can be used to elicit the response, but they tend to achieve lower response rates than television. ) Event Marketing: It involves a strategic-based face-to-face contact designed to impact a brands perception among its constituents. It is set of promotional activities involving an event such as a sporting or social event, designed to bring a product to the attention of the public f) Promotional Marketing: It is a non-personal promotional effort that is designed to have an immediate impact on sales. Sales promotion is media and non-media marketing communications employed for a pre-determined, limited time to increase consumer demand, stimulate market demand or improve product availability. Examples include: * Coupons * Discounts and sales * Contests * Point of purchase displays * Rebates * Free samples (in the case of food items) * Gifts and incentive items * Free travel, such as free flights Sales promotions can be directed at the customer, sa les staff, or distribution channel members (such as retailers). Sales promotions targeted at the consumer are called consumer sales promotions. Sales promotions targeted at retailers and wholesale are called trade sales promotions. We Maximise value III. BACKGROUND OF THE PLACE OF WORK: ) Company Profile: Vision: Maximimising Every Opportunity. For you and your organization. Through the world of dynamic Communication. The Beginning: Media Maxx got into the fast track of visual communication in the Fall of ’09. With the ever changing market conditions – it was the need of the hour to adapt and present communication that hits the right note with the right audience The governing team of Media MAXX: Hari haran – 14 years in the media industry Primarily in planning and production. Planning gives him a clear perspective in brand strategy and concept development. Experience in production of TV serials in multi regional language an insight in production, TV prodicti on has been his passion. Gautam Mazumdar – Extremely well accomplished at leading cross functional operational teams across multiple geographic locations integrating People, Process, Technology and Partners towards a common goal. Major contributions include successful implementation of marketing strategy Strengths cover a range of media deliverable in print, outdoor, events, video packed with his natural flamboyance. ) Services offered: Repertoire The Companies solutions are optimum and total. They conceptualise, plan strategy, design and execute – your total communication requirement. What they have to offer is a fine balance between the client’s perspective and current market scenario. Repertoire Specifics Creative Concepts designing, Production of AV, TVCs Short films, Media planning, Event Management and Public Relations, Web designing. Designing Thoughts put to creative execution of: Press ads, magazines and journals, brochures, annual financial report s, newsletters, posters and direct mailers, hoardings, kiosks, panels, banners, stickers, danglers, dispensers, packaging and exhibition stalls. Production Production of AVs, TVCs and Short films Give us a subject and we put in emotion, drama, script, effects – and all that goes into capturing the attention of your audience. Corporate films and documentaries. Television commercials and Radio jingles. CG animation and Programme Opens, 3D Morphing and Composting. Complete 3D Ad films, Logos and 3D Pack Shots. Audio Recording, Video Editing and complete Audio Visual productions. Media Planning Releasing As the saying goes – strike while it is hot. The company offer strategic media planning for your creative campaigns and release of the same through different media vehicles such as Television (National, Satellite Niche), Radio Stations, Newspapers, Magazines, Directories, Hoardings, Kiosks (National Local). Events Public Relations To add glamour and glitz – T hey undertake Event Management assignments for Brand Launches, Exhibitions, Seminars and Workshops. Their Public Relations team offers support in terms of effective coverage on a national scale through sustained media relations. Multimedia web What sets them apart from other design houses is their expertise and experience in Web Site Design, Web Application Development, and the highly specialized domains of Flash Animation, CD and DVD Production, and Web Training Demos. c) Media MAXX promotional strategy: The company is on the right way to promote itself. As the company is in the starting phase when funds are not much, online promoting is playing a big role in lead generation. Now, When its advertising your client is always looking out that what extra you can provide him over others. Being an advertising agency company is continuously working on its creativity so that the client will have faith the kind of work, company can provide to him. Even the Tele-calling team should al so be credited for lead generation. The company is continuously in touch with its existing clients and even with the clients who showed interest in the company work. There is research team also who would study on the different companies which are existing in the market and are companies ‘Can Be’ clients. Direct client servicing is last thing which is responsible converting the interested clients into companies customer rather full time customer with its service. So In all, the flow of R on the ‘Can Be’ clients, Tele-calling to get their details, Mailing the profile and mailers of the company and not but the least direct client servicing are the things which have been Media MAXX promotional strategy other than Mouth Publicity. IV. NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE PROJECT: Advertisements are sometimes spoken of as the nervous system of the business world. As nervous system is very important in human body so it is vital in business world. Therefore, in this proje ct we want to study Advertising Effectiveness especially the concern company Media MAXX Management wants the advertising managers to do well and be effective in their client servicing. After all, advertising uses the scarce resources that could be invested in a number of ways. Therefore, the question that management poses is, â€Å"Is advertising the best way to use those funds? and if yes â€Å"Is it heading in right direction? And it is the job of the advertising campaign planner to be able to answer that question. Hence, the need was felt that whoever has taken service from the company or who has advertised themselves through BTL advertising. Are they satisfied with it or not? Did these businessmen find BTL promotions effective or not? While studying on the project we got a chance to work on some of the projects. These projects include: * Planning a Road-show for ‘Saint-Gobain’s ‘Gyproc’ product. Its a construction related things manufacturing company which wanted to organize a Road Show for the awareness of the product. Working under this project we got a chance to work on planning, costing, pitching for getting the project on Road Show. * There was another project to make a society event targeting women. Wherein Canopies were installed in the societies. In the whole event all the women would get a chance to make mehendi on their hand and meanwhile company would showcase its designs to them explaining about the offers and exclusive designs available at Tanishq Showrooms. * Another project was to work on a Township project at Khalapur. This dealt with designing the project for their customers which to be launched in coming September. * Making health day planner for Hiranandani Hospitals ‘Health Day’ events. V. OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT: 1]To analyze the effectiveness of BTL advertising. 2]To study the perception of the businessmen for different types of options available in the market. VI. PROBLEM FORMULATION: Promotional activities are broadly classified under ATL and BTL. Due to the inherent difference in their nature, they work differently and outshine one another depending on the industry and the target audience they are directed towards. For a well established company or a new comer company in the market, to gain a higher market share, they want to promote their products/services. Here lies the problem, what type kind of promotional activity one should use. Whether one should go with ATL or BTL? Which one has greater effectiveness as far as preferences are concerned? Now, how can we calculate effectiveness of a promotional activity? This project is to study the perception and the preference given by the businessmen or marketing managers to promotional activities to study the effectiveness of BTL advertising. VII. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: Null Hypothesis: H0: ‘There is no significant preference for BTL advertising’ So, an alternative hypothesis would be, H1: ‘Ther e is significant preference for BTL advertising’ VIII. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: * The target population was businessmen or any company officials dealing into advertising activities for their business. * A questionnaire was designed to get the information from the respondents to study the effectiveness of BTL advertising. * A target sample size of 59 was decided. As Out of 71 respondents, 8 people doesn’t advertise and 4 were wrong responses. Quota sampling technique was used: population was divided into regions, the sample elements were selected based on convenience or judgement. * ‘Online sampling’ was also used but to a lesser extent. * Only primary data could have served the purpose, which was collected via questionnaire * The research work: * It comprised of targeting people from commercial places, markets etc. * Mailing an online questionnaire to every known e-mail also helped in data collection IX. DATA ANALYSIS: * Once we got the data, the next step wa s to analyze it. This data was further categorized according to the factors explaining it statistically. * Then it was analysed thro the graphs to know the trend of target population towards advertising. Peoples perception towards advertising and why do they feel to shift over from one option to another. * SPSS tools such as frequency, MS Excel tools such as bar, pie charts were used to analyze the data. Since multiple choices were allowed, this made the data complex and difficult to analyze. Hence, the data was analysed through graphs for those questions which could not get analysed through SPSS. X. MANAGEMENT TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES USED: Brainstorming: The topic was first discussed among the trainees. The need of the topic felt and hence it was decided that the would hold well if research on such topic is done then company can plan some strategies on the basis of it. Analysis Interrogation: Interrogation with company officials helped to understand the industry, its behaviour, the kind of trends and technology which is coming to market. This is responsible for shifting consumers’ mindset from one available option to another. This has helped to generate the interest in the research the field of advertising. Observation: Observing the business process at office did help a lot to know the customer needs while facing them on call or in person. Working on a clients project actually helped me to understand the whole process in advertising and generated interest towards the topic. Planning: A plan was made according to the population we wanted to focus on of the area we had selected. This plan was finalised through discussion and brainstorming with other colleagues. Analysis: This study was further analysed to recommend some strategies to the company to work on. Analysis was done with the help of SPSS software. This analysis proved the assumption we had made earlier. Evaluating: Evaluation of the project was done on the basis of graphs which we had got through data collected. These graphs showed the percentages of the different preferences, peoples perception in mind before advertising and why do they choose an option among all available. XI. FINDING INTERPRETATION: a. General findings from the Research Questionnaire: A. Category/Industry Population Chart 2: Category/Industry Population The respondents were chosen either from those who have got their business or from those who are working in a company for marketing related activities. This helped in making a combination of small business houses and the well established companies, which helped in getting good quality responses from the respondents. Combinations of the respondents who may have different advertising budget but then how do spend money on advertising? How do choose an option among all available. In the above pie-chart we see that 59% respondents are those who have their own business and 41% are servicemen. This is a good combination for research. B. Advertising Population Chart 3: Advertising Population This question helped in using the data more specific towards the goal. As we need to find out the effectiveness of BTL advertising in the market. i. e. We need to concentrate on the respondents who have advertised before. Those will help us to know why they chose an option and what the factors behind that decision were. In the above Pie-Chart we see that almost all the respondents collected go for advertising their product except few i. e. 1% of the total don’t advertise and 89% do advertise for their products. b. Research findings: Reason behind Advertising: Chart 4: Reasons Behind Advertising While doing the study it was expected to study the reasons behind the advertising. The expenditure, availability, targets all other factors which depend on the reason of advertising. The above pie- chart shows that most of the people do advertise for their sales promotion, target segmentation, business awareness. So it seems advertisers have become target specific. They want to spend money for their set customers. Most Liked feature of Advertising. Which are the features of promotion liked by you most? Chart 5: Most Liked Features Of Promotion Now, while making an Advertisement the agency should also think of the priorities and expectation of the people from the Ad. We see in the chart above that they want more clarity simplicity in their advertisement for better understanding and good impact on the customers mind. Respondents perception about BTL Do you agree with the statements given below? Chart 6: Respondents Perception About BTL This question was framed to know the people understanding about BTL promotions. As shown in the graph, we had taken some factors to study whether people agree with the statement given or not. The result shows that people are very much aware about the promotion option available for them and the reason behind going for it. In the last bar we also see that most of them have said that BT L is no as effective as ATL. This shows that each promotion activity has got its own identity which cannot be taken over by other. Confirming Perception Do you think, BTL stands differently effectively against ATL? Chart 7: Confirming Perception From the previous chart analysis we see that people have voted that BTL stands differently and effectively against ATL. Because as the time passes people may shift from one to another but these two can never takeover their actual customers. Judge Effectiveness of BTL How effective would you judge BTL activities: Chart 8: Judge Effectiveness of BTL As it is seen that people find BTL advertising effective and different from other options available, we will judge how effective did they find it? Hence the respondents were given four options to judge BTL. If it is very effective, just effective, ineffective or Neutral. The study shows that people find it very effective in case of ‘Company’s investment in brand marketingâ€℠¢; followed by ‘Advertising creative execution’ then ‘Company’s plan for media advertising and at last ‘The brand slogan advertising’. In the above chart we see that respondents from businesses and services, most of them have found BTL effective for the parameters discussed above. Analyzing the effectiveness of various promotional activities: Which are the promotional activities you would go for your business promotion? Chart 9: Analysis of preferences There was a need to study preference of the respondents for BTL advertising. A person would always prefer to choose an option which is more effective. It’s a business, wherein return on every investment is preferred most. Hence respondents were asked on the promotion activity they would prefer most. And as we can see, people have given more responses in case of BTL that is (Tele-calling + Mail + Campaigns Canopies) over (Outdoor + Print + TV). This proves that people mostly prefer BTL advertising. Hence, it is effective. XII. HYPOTHESIS TESTING H0: There is no significant preference for BTL advertising. Since, respondents preferences towards were judged, we will apply Chi-Square test. On Applying the Chi-Square test (Appendix 2) We get, X2 (calculated) X2 (tabulated) 12. 288 11. 070 Therefore, H0 is rejected. Therefore, H0 is rejected. Ha is accepted. Which means there is significant preference for BTL advertising. Thus, the assumption which we had considered that BTL is effective over other promotional activities is proved. XIII. CONCLUSION: A. Learning experiences from the project: a. This project showed that people are aware about the various options available in the market. There is a thought process involved before choosing a promotion activity. b. The research shows that even if there are many options available, there is strata of business and service industry population which would always prefer to go for BTL. Because it has got its own identity. A nd as the time passes there can fluctuations in the preferences but current scenario is that most people find BTL as the effective way of advertising. c. As the time passes, technology changes, new inventions comes into the market, but some advertisements have got their own identity and BTL is one of them. d. BTL can provide you wide options for promotions and cut down your cost and boost your sales as well. . This project helped me to understand various promotion activities, to study consumer behaviour, factors affecting their decisions. In all, the whole BTL market I got to learn which was very interesting. B. SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: * Since BTL is effective than other promotional activities available, Companies should reconsider their marketing strategy with higher advertising dollars going for BTL (Preferably in the proportion of their respective effectiveness) * Setting up of canopies at commercial places, residential colonies, apartments will certainly show great results. Companies should use the available database to exploit the brand loyalty of the company which they might have and that can be communicated with them through phone or / mail (e-mail), both highly effective media, and give information about our products. * Tele-callers are an asset for a company; companies should invest more here to equip them with required soft-skills and product knowledge so that they have higher convincing abilities. This increases their effectiveness and customer base. * The present customer base is an asset which will rope in more customers if they are cared through prompt after sales service. The price range is also a decision maker. Bringing in new ‘Value for money’ package in this range and marketing them well can do the trick. C. Limitations: * As some questions were quite complex, most of them could not get analysed thro SPSS. * We can say ‘what’ is effective but cannot say ‘why’ it’s effective. That’s pr obably needs another research. * Sample size is also a major limitation since research of this sort requires a large sample size. This limitation became evident when, effectiveness of BTL activities came out to be higher than due to very small no. of respondents. XIV. ANNEXURES ANNEXURE-I: Questionnaire: 1 Name 2 Category or Industry of the population? No. Of People a. Service________ b. Business________ 3 Do you advertise for your business? Yes No 4 If No, What is the reason behind it? If have advertised before, What was the reason behind? i) Business/Brand Awareness ii) Business Promotion iii) Branding iv) Brand Recall v) Sales Promotion vi) Target Segmentation vii) Others, Please Specify†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Which are the features of promotion liked by you most? Please rate your preferences on a scale of 1-4. i) Simplicity ii) Clarity iii) Creativity iv) Exhaustive Publicity 7. Do you agree with the statements given below: Statements| Yes| No| BTL requires less investment t han ATL| | | Probability of risk is less in case of BTL than ATL| | | ATL is a good way to reach masses but BTL reaches to target customers| | | BTL investor has more options to choose than ATL| | | BTL is as effective as ATL| | | 8. Do you think, BTL stands differently effectively against ATL? (Considering- Starting investment, ROI, Reach, Targeting the client, Time taken to receive return,Valuable. ) a) Yes b) No 9)How effective would you judge BTL activities for? | Very Effective| Effective| Ineffective| Neutral| The Companys investment in brand marketing| | | | | The companys plan for media advertising| | | | | The advertising creative execution| | | | | The brand slogan advertising for product| | | | | 8 Which one of the following promotional activities you would prefer for your business promotion? Promotional Activities. i) TV ii) Print iii) Outdoor iv) Campaigns,Canopies,Events,Exhibitions v) Mail vi) Telecalling Ans: .. Any Suggestions.. Thank you very much for yo ur valuable time! Annexure-II: SPSS test calculation: Chi-Square  Test Frequencies Preferences| | Observed N| Expected N| Residual| 4| 4| 9. 8| -5. 8| 5| 5| 9. 8| -4. 8| 8| 8| 9. 8| -1. 8| 12| 12| 9. 8| 2. 2| 14| 14| 9. 8| 4. 2| 16| 16| 9. 8| 6. 2| Total| 59| | | Test Statistics| | Preferences| Chi-Square| 12. 288a| Df| 5| Asymp. Sig. | . 031| a. 0 cells (. 0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Atl and Btl Advertising" essay for you Create order

Rap Frog And The Tell Tale Heart - 928 Words

The main characters in â€Å"Hop-Frog† and â€Å"The Tell-Tale Heart† endure a vile nature of their own, even though what they committed was for self-uprightness from the external sinister forces. Hop-Frog’s appearance appears to be acquitted and inoffensive in the beginning of the story. However, Hop-Frog’s internal aggression and insanity are ignited due to many extreme external factors such as the king’s abusive power and Trippetta’s humiliation. During the climactic scene, Hop-Frog declares that he can distinct the king and the ministers as beasts for inhumanely degrades him and Trippetta. His statement seems to be proving a point of justice and equality; conversely, his brutal murder of the king and the ministers opposes the idea of bringing justice. Hop-Frog declares, â€Å" ‘I now see distinctly,’ [†¦] ‘what manner of people theses maskers are. They are a great king and his seven privy-councillors, -a king who does not scruple to strike a defenseless girl, and his seven councilors who abet him in the outrage’ † (Poe 1255). Hop-Frog distinctively relates the king and the ministers to a corrupted hierarchical system, which is consisted of a merciless king and irrational ministers who do not bring justice and equality. In the contradiction, Hop-Frog is also the one that performs an act of sin, which he brutally sets the king and the ministers on blazes. â€Å"Hop-Frog† is a story full of irony and twisted scenarios, where the injustice transpires and alters one’s mind that even a righteousShow MoreRelatedSRS11105471 Words   |  22 Pages(super natural) like the mark on the chocolate bar or soft drinks (MC ïÆ'   Montrà ©al Kosher, COR 34)   Magic: There is Magic and Magic(k). The one with the (k) means the magic when you change things or put spell on someone (change your boyfriend to a frog). The person who added the (k) was Aluster (something). Mostly we will be talking about magic(k) in this course. The one without a (k) is the stage magic; the hand is quicker than the eye, entertainment magic (Pull a rabbit out of the hat, cards)

William Shakespeare Greatest Poet Playwright Free Essays

England’s greatest poet and playwright was born in Stratford, the son of a tradesman and Alderman of Stratford, John Shakespeare in 1564. William, the eldest son, and third child of eight, was baptized on the 26th April 1564. He received his early education at Stratford Grammar School, but little is known of his life up to his eighteenth year. We will write a custom essay sample on William Shakespeare: Greatest Poet Playwright or any similar topic only for you Order Now His Grammar School curriculum would have provided a formidable linguistic, and to some extent literary education. It is noted that he did not like grammar but did have a love for dramatics. Shakespeare attended King†s New School in Stratford which was one of the best grammar schools. Shakespeare read many books. He used some of these books as sources for his plays. One of his most prominent sources of literature was the book The Union of the Two Noble and Illustre families of Lancaster and York written by Hall. Shakespeare used this book to help inscribe his plays about many kings including three plays about Henry VI and a play written about Richard III. Also he wrote Othello on the basis of Hecatommithi and Twelfth Night on the basis of His Farewell to Military Profession. More than fifty percent of Shakespeare†s plays were influenced from various groups of topics. Other things that influenced Shakespeare†s plays were his life experiences. As a young boy dramatic events that occurred led to his writing of Hamlet. The drowning of a girl named Katherine he knew was also a source of his playwriting. History affected his writing as well. One of Shakespeare†s most heralded plays was based on the life and demise of Julius Caesar. He gathered information about Caesar, and with his literary brilliance wrote about Caesar and his story in a unique perspective. Also the life of Marc Antony was very influential in one of Shakespeare†s great plays, as well as the bible and other chronicles. Many of these influences were brought upon by his education, which taught his a lot about history and its figures. Many reasons can be given for Shakespeare’s enormous appeal. His fame basically is from his great understanding of human nature. He was able to find universal human qualities and put them in a dramatic situation creating characters that are timeless. Yet he had the ability to create characters that are highly individual human beings. Their struggles in life are universal. Sometimes they are successful and sometimes their lives are full of pain, suffering, and failure. In addition to his understanding and realistic view of human nature, Shakespeare had a vast knowledge of a variety of subjects. These subjects include music, law, Bible, stage, art, politics, history, hunting, and sports. Shakespeare had a tremendous influence on culture and literature throughout the world. He contributed greatly to the development of the English language. Many words and phrases from Shakespeare’s plays and poems have become part of our speech. Shakespeare’s plays and poems have become a required part of education in the United States. Therefore, his ideas on subjects such as romantic love, heroism, comedy, and tragedy have helped shape the attitudes of millions of people. His description of historical figures and events has influenced our thinking more than what has been written in history books. The world has admired and respected many great writers, but only Shakespeare has generated such enormous continuing interest. How to cite William Shakespeare: Greatest Poet Playwright, Papers

Self Assessment Negotiation free essay sample

Before coming to negotiation work shop I strongly believed that it is not easy to get achieve Win-Win or Win loss results at every negotiation. That’s made me more excited to attend this work shop. In my personal life, people around me believe me that I am a good negotiator/ buyer as â€Å"buying research â€Å" is my routine activity. I have been successful most of the time in negotiating good deal for the things I buy in my personal life. When it comes to professional life, I get nervous as I have never though about utilizing my inherent skill that helps me to successfully negotiate in my personal life. I did acquire some more negotiation skill by experience and learning through co-workers but that was not enough get me high level of success. Work shop gave me an opportunity to look into many of my inherent skill and bring them out to be successful negotiator. Also learn lot of new things like acceptable power level aspiration and knowledge are key component to be a successful negotiator. Series of simulated negotiation with different scenario, gave me hands on experience in practice some of the things I learn in work shop and has increased my confident. With this work shop definitely increase the probability of a successful negotiation for me as and individual. To move forward , to strengthen my negotiation skill, I have done self assessment that describe my strength and weakness before workshop and strength and weakness after work shop. After that I will try to identify steps to over come my weakness. My Strength before negotiation : My strength as a negotiator before workshop, which I think I am able to identify through this work shop is I think, acquiring information by research, under standing power level. I think aspiration for some achievement, knowledge gained through research and communication skill are the source of my power. I do research, gather as much information I can regarding product / service , market, other parties strength and weakness , business practice prior to negotiation. I know there are solution to each problem come across during the negotiation, it all about how good you analyze your alternatives and move forward towards negotiation. Analysing alternative help us to expand pie and when pie is big enough , need to focus on multi – point instead of single point. This helps me to divide pie with a bigger share in my favour. When it comes to deciding target point, I try to be logical and reasonable. This means, I try to set my target point which is not too low that other party accept it easily or not too high that other party even loose interest in negotiation and walk away. My target is always based on logics and facts, so when it comes to declare target to other party I can logically explain why I am expecting this target. My weakness before negotiation: When it’s come to weakness, it is difficult for me to identify my own weakness but when ever failure occurs, I do realize that , I need to improve somewhere. There are always room for improvement , no matter how good you are at any thing. Prior to coming to this workshop, I was sure that I need some improvement be a successful negotiator. I was not sure about what area I need to improve or strengthen my skill ? One thing that I think was sure about my communication skill, being new immigrant to Canada from non-English speaking country , and having divers culture , I have issue with communication and pronunciation of some words which are difficult to understand others. I was able to justify my desires with logical explanations and convince them to do so. Negotiation is a conversation intended to resolve arguments, to reach to an agreement upon specific criteria, or to produce outcomes to meet different interests. Win-win strategy is what most professionals claim as their strategy when it comes to negotiation including myself. My purpose of doing this self-assessment is to come up with an action trplan to improve my negotiation skills. I believe my personal power is at an acceptable level. I have aspiration, confidence, skills, and knowledge which are the required components to be successful in a negotiation. Although, I am not that strong in leading a negotiation towards it’s ultimate goal. In order to increase the probability of a successful negotiation, for me as an individual, first I should identify the required steps and the order they should be taken in the course of a negotiation and try not to skip any step. The second item in my action plan is to improve my ability to construct trust-based negotiation. If trust is the basis of a negotiation, then both involved parties can think of a long relationship rather than one time transaction and it is what matters. My strengths as a negotiator before Negotiation workshop: As briefly mentioned in the executive summary, my personal power is my main strength. Aspiration, confidence, skills, and knowledge are the basic components which shape my power of negotiation. Prior to negotiation, I always do my homework; I believe being well-prepared is the first step before any negotiation. I try to collect as much information as possible. Adequate information about the other parties at the negotiation table, their history, interests, aversions, and possible positions give me the power which comes with knowledge and confidence. With regards to my negotiation skills, I am always positive when entering a negotiation. I personally believe there is always some sort of solution out there for each and every problem we may possibly face in the course of a negotiation. Evaluating of alternatives is what I do to expand the pie as much as possible. When the pie is reasonably expanded, then I get the chance not to focus on a single issue. Multi-dimensional target point gives me the ability to trade off and get what I want and satisfy anothers interests at the same time. I also try to be logical and reasonable in determining my target point. This is where my desire to make a deal possible comes to play. I try to set my target not too low and not too high. The goal setting process starts with defining the key points in my argument and my target point is where I realistically expect to come to an agreement. Setting reasonable target helps to keep the zone of possible alternatives (ZOPA) wider and it increases the possibility for a deal to happen. Over-aspiring makes a deal impossible or if the deal has to happen it may end up with a single transaction rather than a long relationship. My weaknesses as a negotiator before Negotiation workshop: It gets difficult whenever it comes to weaknesses. This was not easy for me to recognize the factors which make me fragile in a negotiation. Prior to the negotiation workshop, I knew for sure that there are some areas which I need to improve in, although, it was not clear to me which areas and obviously if you are not sure about the factors which make you weak in a negotiation you can not have any particular plan to improve it. This was the main factor that made me interested in the workshop at the first place. I thought that the workshop will definitely help me to utilize other people’s experiences and tactics to identify my areas for improvement. My strengths as a negotiator after Negotiation workshop: The workshop showed me that I was right in identifying my strengths and also made me aware of the importance of each and every aspect of it. The first strength that I believe I have gained during the workshop is to take advantage of the power of giving another party credit for what they are good at. With regards to negotiation, I used to think that you do not have to emphasize on other party’s strengths; I had the feeling that you should not show your interest in a deal. I have the ability to say good stuff about people or things but I had the wrong perception that if you show your interest or talk about the other party being great then you will be in the weak position. Now my approach has changed. I understand that this tool can help me as a negotiator to increase the trust on both sides. The second gained strength which I consider it as the most important for me is the ability to recognize my weaknesses and therefore ability to come upwith a plan to improve which I will explain comprehensively in the following sections. My weaknesses as a negotiator after Negotiation workshop and my action plan to improve it: During the negotiation workshop, I found out that my biggest weakness is not to follow a specific structure for my negotiations. Losing the track in the course of a negotiation has previously happened to me and according to my learning in the workshop I suppose the main cause was not to follow certain steps. My action plan to solve this problem is to follow the following steps in my negotiations: I did some research and I found that the following procedure is a common practice to pursue when negotiating: 1. To identify why are each of us at the table 2. Group agenda structure which will help to sustain a relationship during the course of a negotiation 3. Sharing information on interests, facts, and alternatives 4. Finding common ground 5. Brainstorming (To find creative solutions without judging) 6. Bargaining (To suggest the Best First Offer with something to satisfy everyones needs) 7. Finalizing (To get the agreements down on paper) All negotiations cover these steps, whether explicitly or implicitly. If one or more steps are skipped it will come back to haunt the efforts to find an efficient, stable, and wise solution. The second area that I discovered my need to work to improve it is trust and trust-based negotiations. It is easy to claim that my negotiation strategy is WIN-WIN; although, when it comes to reality there are not many negotiators who have the ability to perform an actual trust-based negotiation. My action plan to solve this problem is as follows: I should learn how to set wins conditions for the other party. I must put myself in their shoes and see what points are WIN conditions for them. Sometimes other party is more concerned about some less useful part of agreement in our side; we can take advantage of it by popping up that portion as core issue and make them feel that we care about what they want out of the negotiation. Based on my research if I know how to base my negotiation on the three following principals I will be able to make a trust-based negotiation: It’s about the relationship, not the transaction Seek all information from other party, and lead by sharing all your own Generalize this transaction multiple times into the future Negotiating by these principles will basically change the rules. If I can focus on the relationship instead of the one-time order, a wide range of options will be available to make a fair deal. This is clear that if someone knows that the other party is telling the truth, and is willing to be examined about any aspect of it, and then she/he has all the reasons to trust them.

Hamlet Act I Essays - Characters In Hamlet, English-language Films

Hamlet Act I In Act I of Hamlet, the ghost of the king hamlet comes to the battlement, outside a castle in Denmark. Marcellus and Horatio ask the ghost to speak, but It remains silent. In Scene 2 the new king, King Claudius, King Hamlet's brother, is reprimanding Prince Hamlet for depressed. Claudius and Gertrude, Hamlet's mother, tell Hamlet to get over his father's death. Gertrude married Claudius one month after King Hamlet died. Marcellus joins Hamlet and tells him of his sightings. In Scene 3 Laertes and his sister are saying goodbye, because Laertes is going to school in France. Ophelia, Laertes sister, is telling him that she is desperately in love with Hamlet. Laertes tells Ophelia that Hamlet will just use her for sex. Laertes makes Ophelia promise that she will not see Hamlet. In Scene 4 Prince Hamlet goes to see if what Marcellus is telling him is true. Sure enough it is. The ghost beckons Hamlet to follow him; and then he talks to him. The ghost tells him that Claudius killed him by putting poison in his ear. The ghost wants Hamlet to bring Claudius revenge. In the last scene, the ghost tells Hamlet that it is not Gertrude fault that he has died. He thinks that Claudius has brainwashed her.

The Privatization or Commodification of Water

The Privatization or Commodification of Water Introduction For a long time, ethics has been seen as the study of what comprises good and bad conduct which includes the values that influence the conduct. Generally, contemporary culture has given humans unprecedented liberty and prosperity which has necessitated the growth of the concept of ethics.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Privatization or Commodification of Water specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Business ethics on the other hand has existed in the form of reflection on the ethical dimensions of business exchanges and institutions whereby the concept has been understood in two distinctive ways, where one group views it from the background of philosophy while the other group views it from the background of business community (Brenkert and Beauchamp 3). These two approaches are not exclusive, but the philosophical approach appears to be the broader of the two. In all cases, it becomes important t o appreciate the fact that moral problems and the process of analyzing them invites different forms of useful analysis. Water forms an essential commodity that ensures continuity of life, though for a long time no systematic way has been elaborated in appreciating its value (Brown and Schmidt 3). For long, people have regarded water as a renewable commodity that has potential to develop without limit. With the larger society utilizing water in different ways such as irrigation, energy and burgeoning urban centers, the reality is now clearer that like just other renewable commodities, water is a finite resource. However, providing answers to modern water problems requires giving answers to questions of value: how should society capture, store or distribute water; at what cost; for whom; and for how long (Brown and Schmidt 4). All these questions are regarded as ethical because just like any other essential resource, determining a fair and just distribution of water has direct effects on human and nonhuman lives and also the systems that sustain them. Commodification of water Borgmann argues that the driving force of the contemporary society is the aspect of commodification which is described as, that vital structure of modern society of the market which conveys a sense of moral censure (Borgmann 143). The author, in reference to Viviana Zelizer, states that, â€Å"economic prophets have frequently warned us against global commodification and the loss of the moral-emotional fiber it brings† (Borgmann 144). Using the Marx’s concept of commodification, Borgmann first sees the concept to possess the verb to commodify, which to him is â€Å"to draw something from outside the market into the market so that it becomes available for sale and purchase† (Borgmann 144).Advertising Looking for research paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marx looked at the va rious ways in which capitalism perceived the production of things such as wheat, shoes and clothing out of the hands and circumstances of the farmers, artisan and householders, stripped them of their context of skills and persons, of exchanges and uses and made them into commodities (goods) whose importance was reduced to their price. Moreover, Marx became critical of how labor was being converted into something that could be purchased and sold under conditions that only favored the capitalists and made the workers beggars (Borgmann 144); thus, commodification became purely and totally exploitation. The contemporary discussions continue to see the concept of commodification as contested. In such discussions, the broader agreement has remained that, certain goods such as justice should never be for sale (Borgmann 145). But other goods have continued to draw divided opinions. For a long time, goods at issue in this discussion have generally constituted those in Michael Walzer’s list of items which are subject to ‘blocked exchanges’: 1) Human beings; 2) political power and influence; 3) criminal justice; 4) freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly; 5) marriage and procreation; 6) the right to leave the political community; 7) exemptions from military service, from jury duty, and from any other form of communally imposed work; 8) political offices; 9) basic welfare services like police protection or primary and secondary schooling; 10) desperate exchanges; 11) prizes and honors of many sorts; 12) divine grace; 13) love and friendship; and 14) a long series of criminal sales (Borgmann p.145). The above list can be complete if addition of certain public goods is made. These public goods are; clean air and clean water, safety from crime, basic health care and public lands. The main argument in disfavor of commodification of public goods is that commodification may leads to social injustice, for instance, if education is totally commodified, th e children of the poor will get no education or for them, inferior education will be enough (Borgmann p.145). Commodification of water: Public vs. Private debate There exist two debates that continue to dominate the lives of many people concerning the issue of water. For instance, there are arguments whether water services should remain public or go private. One of the arguments â€Å"is concerned with practical issues of efficiency and economics, and the other is about principle† (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox p.10). Privatizing water in a country like USA has been a hard venture to undertake. Those opposed to such move include personalities such as Barlow of the Council of Canadians and Tony Clarke of Canada’s Polaris Institute (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox 10). The two have opposed the move to privatize water in principle and they are convinced that private companies should only get involved in narrow areas of infrastructure development but not allowed to have ownership, contr ol or delivery of the basic service.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Privatization or Commodification of Water specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To them, the process or actions of commodifying water is generally wrong in terms of ethics, environmental and social (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox p.10). They are on the view that the process will, â€Å"insure that decisions regarding the allocation of water would center on commercial, not environmental or social justice considerations; privatization means that management of water resources is based on principles of scarcity and profit maximization rather than long-term sustainability† (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox 10). Contrary to this position, there is a divergent view which has been adopted by Peter Cook of the National Association of Water Companies who is convinced that if market principles are applicable to other products in the market, then water as a com modity cannot be exceptional. Cook sees nothing wrong or unethical in making profits from water since the money which has been pumped into the business by the investors is used to benefit customers and provide them with services. Cook sums up his position by quoting the bible by stating that, the bible and especially the Ten Commandments have no provision that prohibits people from making profits, and utilities need to be operated as enterprises (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox pp.10-11). To this extent, â€Å"the practical debate over who can provide water better focuses on the issues of transparency, efficiency, rates, and sustainability† (Snitow, Kaufman and Fox pp.11).. Indeed, most of these values are possible in public controlled enterprises but far more difficult in private owned enterprises or corporations. Ethical dilemma The essence of water being a commodity that sustains life has drawn conflicting debates and reactions on whether it is ethical to commodify and therefore s ubject it to market competition principles. This particular confusion has been precipitated by the actions of United Nations to declare that water is a human right that should be accessible to everyone. The question that arises is; are their moral consequences that arise as a result of commodifying water and hence its availability and accessibility largely become determined by market mechanisms? Ethical lapse In most cases, ethical lapse can be categorized into three groups: deception, stealing and harming (Howard and Korver 13). There exists many variants to these but the mentioned three have come out as the most wrongdoings which people commit.Advertising Looking for research paper on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lying has been described in many ways that include: doctor, cover up, overstate, understate, misinform, misguide or stretch the truth (Howard and Korver p.14). additionally, the act of lying has psychological costs, for example, when individuals lie there is always a clash between their values and who they are; lying also creates barriers in relationships and soils self-image of an individual (Howard and Korver p.15). Moral reasoning The contemporary society is faced with a situation where people are facing dilemma on various ethical decisions and as a result there have been numerous methods of moral reasoning. Moral reasoning has taken center stage in various social issues as people continue to debate on what is right and what is wrong or what ought to be or not be done. In most cases many people are convinced that it is not necessary the principles which determine what is right or wrong, but the consequences produced by the actions in question (Rae p.81). When a particular course of action or decision produces the best set of consequences, then to majority such actions need to be allowed and accepted. In other words the action(s) that produces the greatest balance of benefits over harms is the one that is considered as the most moral. Generally actions considered right or wrong (morality) should depend on the situation and also on what the cultural consensus of right and wrong is at that time. In the case of commodifying water, if the society and hence culture reaches consensus that water commodification is wrong then it would be morally wrong to commodify or privatize water. Ethical approaches Utilitarianism ethics Utilitarianism ethics postulate that morality of an act is determined by the end result. From this observation, utilitarianism conviction is that the moral choice is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people or at the same time the moral choice is the course of action that produces more good consequences than harmf ul ones. Utilitarianism sometimes is regarded as consequentialism ethics due to its emphasis on the consequences of an action. Jeremy Bentham, one of the philosophers credited to utilitarianism believed in hedonistic utilitarianism which postulates that â€Å"the most moral acts are those that maximize pleasure and minimize pain† (Rae p.85). On the other hand John Mill, another believer of utilitarianism ethics established his approach which differed from that of Bentham which was general concept of maximizing the general happiness, or what he termed as the greatest good for the greatest number. Hence ethics can be seen as the art of directing the actions of people so as to bring about the greatest possible happiness to all those who are concerned with these actions. As a result, Bentham observed that the interests of the community are simply the sum of the interests of its members. In sum the utilitarianism principle hold that, â€Å"an action is right from an ethical point of view if and only if the sum total of utilities produced by that act is greater than the sum total of utilities produced by any other act the agent could have performed in its place† (Fernando p.34). Water commodification can be analyzed within the precepts of utilitarianism ethics where business principles can take a backseat to consequences, if on balance, commodification of water provides more beneficial consequences for more people then utilitarianism ethics consider it to be the most moral choice. Evaluation of actions needs to be made on the basis of benefits or harms the action(s) will bring upon human beings. The morality of the theory is that, individual or an organization performing particular actions need to impartially take into account interests of everyone on equal basis. Kantian ethics Kant was convinced that morality should be derived from recognition that people share a common human condition and what makes humans valuable and special is their ability to re ason and that moral rules based on reason should govern human behavior. To Kant moral rules need to be based on tradition, intuition, desire, conscience, emotion and sympathy and that free will among humans comes from their ability to reason and prompts them to develop rules for moral behavior which in turn can be applicable universally disregarding utilitarianism consequences. The moral rules established needs to recognize the fact that all people have a certain human dignity and therefore they should be accorded respect as autonomous beings (Fernando p.35). According to Kant moral ethics, an action is only moral for an individual in a certain situation if, and only if, the individual’s reason for carrying out the action is one that he or she would be willing to have every person act on in any similar situation. At the same time moral worth would not be attached to an action motivated singularly to promote individual interests or for pleasure and that if an action is wrong f or other people, it is wrong for any one person. For Kant an action is regarded morally worth if it reflects a good will and it is only when individuals act from duty that their actions are regarded to be moral worth. As a result Kant believes that ethics should be grounded in reason alone and not on human nature (Fernando p.35). Ethicality in commodifying water On November 27 2002, United Nation declared water to be a human right for the first time and went a head to require states to adopt key legal mechanisms that would ensure this fundamental right is achieved (Sierra Club par. 1). From UN observation, the conviction was that privatizing water could not be achieved since it is impossible to marry the profit motive of a private enterprise and the necessity and importance of a commodity like water which many people require in order to survive (utilitarianism). The conclusion is that the issue of rendering water as a private thing should be done away from the market place since wat er belongs to earth, to all species, to the future generation and in this regard no one has the right to commodify water for personal (deontological) or corporate gain (Sierra Club par. 1). On advancing this claim, the Cochabamba Declaration of December 8, 2000, which brought together interested parties aimed at ensuring the privatization of water, was not achieved (welfare concern). To cement and solidify their claim the group came up with key points to be observed which turned out to constitute the Cochabamba Declaration (Sierra Club par. 4). To the group access to water is the fundamental right of every human and all humans are required to respect nature as they use water given by the earth. The three main points formulated were: Water was described to belong to the earth and also to all species of the world and that water need to be regarded as sacred to life, and from this view the water of the world needs to be conserved, reclaimed and put under adequate protection in order t o ensure the future generation is safe; Water was described as fundamental human right and also as a public trust that needs to be guarded by all structures of the government and as a result it should not be commodified, privatized or commercially traded; lastly Water can be best protected by local communities and people and who must be given equal respect as partners of various governments in the process of protecting and regulating water (Sierra Club par. 5). Conclusion Water ethic has developed in many societies as a result of continued efforts by enterprises and corporation to commodifying water. As a result, in most societies specifically the developed ones, water ethics commodification and privatization with marginalized access to water continue to raise key questions such as: Can water be sustainably managed while the global financial institutions and transnational corporations possess the means to do so? How can the empowerment of public and rights of people over water be r estored? How can global skills, capital and user practices are reconciled with the need and desire for control over water of local people? Such questions give an impression of how fundamental ethics has become essential in addressing the issue of water commodification. Ethical reasoning in regards to water will ensure proper, efficient and sustainable use of water despite its scarcity in nature. Borgmann, Albert. Real American ethics: taking responsibility for our country. IL, University of Chicago Press. 2006. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=fJJccik-SRECpg=PA145dq=Ethics+of+commodification+of+waterhl=enei=zQZpTPagL5H34gb75pyZBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=Ethics%20of%20commodification%20of%20waterf=false. Brenkert, George G. and Beauchamp, Tom L. The Oxford Handbook of Business Ethics. NY, Oxford University Press US. 2009. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn1BDj7SRUsCpg=PA78dq=Ethics+of+commodification+of+waterhl= enei=GvJoTPmcB4aS4gb6npCZBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=9ved=0CFkQ6AEwCA#v=onepageqf=false. Brown, Peter G. and Schmidt, Jeremy J. Water Ethics: Foundational Readings for Students and Professionals. NW, Island Press. 2010. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=fwFXY-vAwNsCpg=PA161dq=Ethics+of+commodification+of+waterhl=enei=GvJoTPmcB4aS4gb6npCZBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4ved=0CDgQ6AEwAw#v=onepageqf=false. Fernando, A. C. Business Ethics: An Indian Perspective. New Delhi, Pearson Education India, 2009. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=A-k_uWkGCEUCpg=PA35dq=business+ethics+theorieshl=enei=Od1rTLK0EcHT4wa4ncDkAgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=business%20ethics%20theoriesf=false. Howard, Ronald A. and Korver, Clinton D. Ethics for the real world: creating a personal code to guide decisions in work and life. MA, Harvard Business Press. 2008. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=OqnrtQFfXb0Cprintsec=fron tcoverdq=Ethics+for+the+Real+World.hl=enei=RBtqTKP8LZCl4Qan5OCaAQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false. Rae, Scott B. Moral Choices: An Introduction to Ethics. MI, Zondervan, 2000. 16 August 2010. https://books.google.com/books?id=n55iiynlwmMCpg=PA77dq=moral+reasoninghl=enei=1sVrTN_nHMKk4Qb9kJz3Agsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CFMQ6AEwBw#v=onepageq=moral%20reasoningf=false. Sierra Club. Corporate Water Privatization: Water is a Human Right not a Commodity. 2008. 16 August 2010. sierraclub.org/committees/cac/water/human_right/. Snitow, Allan, Kaufman, Deborah and Fox, Michael. Thirst: fighting the corporate theft of our water. CA, John Wiley and Sons. 2007. 16 August 2010.https://books.google.com/books?id=wyW30HVewtACpg=PA10dq=Ethics+of+commodification+of+waterhl=enei=tiNpTMXOIuTT4waqqZiZBAsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CC0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepageq=Ethics%20of%20commodification%20of%20waterf=false.

Rising china or peaceful rise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rising china or peaceful rise - Essay Example China's rise can directly be linked to the opening up of its economy, which has resulted in a transformation of every aspect of China's interaction with the world. From exclusion from the United Nations to participation in over 150 international organisations, including the China sponsored and driven Shanghai Cooperation Organisation; from a closed economy to $ 300 billion in foreign direct investment; and from self-isolation and suspicion to one of openness and integration. All this has resulted in the Chinese economy becoming the world's fourth largest economy in 2006, with many experts predicting that, " the Chinese economy will be second only to the United States by 2020 and possibly surpass it by 2050".1 What does the future hold for China and the world Will a resilient economy enable China to ease itself benignly into the international power equation, being called a 'Peaceful Rise' by Chinese leaders keen to play down the obvious ramifications of China's growing economic clout Or are there any threats - both internal and external - to Rising China that can undermine the whole process, and the stated Chinese aim of becoming an intermediate developed nation by 2049, the 100th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China China's eventual rise to global power status and the path it then adopts to achieve its national goals is difficult to predict given the inscrutable nature of the Chinese character. Ashley Tellis of the Carnegie Endowment has this to say, "Will China's rise trigger regional counterbalancing The answer is "yes." The long answer is "yes, possibly"; and the real answer is "yes, possibly, but we can't be entirely sure."2 Pei seems to challenge the accepte d hype over China being both the world's largest manufacturer as well as the world's biggest market simultaneously. Pei feels that China's current policies, " [are] spawning a dangerous mix of crony capitalism, rampant corruption and widening inequality [and that policies]adopted to generate high economic growth are compounding the political and social ills that threaten its long term survival".3 Be that as it may, it may be surmised that latent impulses to become a global power and a direct challenge to the supremacy of the United States would emerge as a consequence of its Comprehensive National Power, driven by its rapidly expanding economy, backed by a modern military machine. Internal Challenges to China's Peaceful Rise China is conscious of the fact that its geo-political power is directly tied to its economic growth, which requires a stable internal and external environment. Since the present global balance of power is not in its favour, and since this balance is unlikely to change in the mid-term, it has limited its geo-political ambitions while it goes about quietly building up its Comprehensive National Power. While other countries would seek to contain China's attempts to become the sole power in Asia, there are several domestic liabilities that China must address before its can aspire to that exalted status. These liabilities according to some analysts have reached, or are at the point of reaching critical mass, and under such circumstances, China might not be able to withstand a crisis situation

CLO, managing business finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CLO, managing business finance - Essay Example The feeling among many investors is that the development on new regulations to reduce the risk that comes with these forms of loans will reduce the chances of getting into a financial crisis. In 2014, it is evident that investors have ventured into the form of loan due to its higher returns as compared to other forms of loans. In this perspective, we seek to analyse the possible reasons for this trend and how this is likely to impact financial flows in the global arena. Collateralized loan obligation is defined as a form of low interest loan that comprises of a pool of debt backed up by some form of security. To design a CLO, commercial group different loans together and sectionalize them into different parts. Each section of the loan bears a different risk, some having higher risks than others. The rationale is that those who pick higher risk sections have higher returns while those who pick lower risk portions have lower returns. Another point to note is the way that cases of default are handled. When defaulters fail to repay the loan, the investor with high risk loan gets less money than one who has a lower risk section. The principle behind the formation of the CLO is to increase the lending willingness of the investors and to lower the interest costs. The banks accomplish these loans through a tranch structure in which different classes of borrowers dear different risks and acquire different level of returns (Pauley & Kroszner, 2012). This loa n structure operates much similar to the home mortgage loans that existed in the 1980s. At this time, companies that had good credit ratings were allowed to borrow at lower prices while others borrowed from the banks at much higher interest rates. For this reason, CLO gained popularity prior to the financial crisis in 2008. The global financial crisis of 2008 is was the cause for the loss of popularity for the CLOs in the world. A

Significance Of The Representation Of The City English Literature Essay

Significance Of The Representation Of The City English Literature Essay In this essay I will be discussing three very diverse texts which will allow me to bring into light a various number of views and interpretations of the city. I will be focusing on D. H. Lawrences Women in Love, T. S Eliots The Waste Land, and finally Virginnia Woolfs Mrs Dalloway. All texts will help me come across the different insights, views and personal feelings towards the city the authors felt. Many of these authors develop their ideas and emphasise on the affects of the city through their characterization, this essay will further help me develop the representation of the city and look into it in more detail. I will focus on a number of areas such as characters, settings, thoughts and views in the texts in order to gain an answer as to what the significance of the representation of the city may in fact be in connection to its authors. As we read on through the poem, Eliot continues to present the Waste Land as a very complex poem; it tackles and confronts a variety of contradictory ideas and understandings. The intended meaning of the poem may come across as something different to both critics and readers; it can in effect be seen as a text that can have a variety of meanings and can be interpreted by anyone in their own ways. The text can be seen as being interpreted through the person and society, or can also be interpreted on a personal note where Eliot may seek to reveal his own feelings and intentions as to why he wrote the poem. The main theme of the poem can be distinguished through the way in which Eliot portrays modern life as a Waste Land. He supports this theme by showing what was wrong with society in the early twentieth century. He demonstrates the lack of faith in the poem through a number of ways; he puts into words the weakness of society by presenting a certain lack of faith, lack of communication , and corruption of life, alcohol and sex. At one point he shows one of the characters saying I can connect nothing with nothing.  [4]  This indicates the character having no faith or confidence in them self; there seems to be no connections and no meanings to her life, it seems to come across as though her life is just a waste. In the text Eliot speaks about the crowdedness of the city many of times. The Unreal city, Under the brown fog of a winter dawn, A crowd flowed over London Bridge, so many, I had not thought death had undone so manyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The fast paced text conveys allusions which create a sense of crowding in the city. London is depicted as a very busy city, a place where something is always happening; it is illustrated as being different in contrast to what you would experience in the countryside. The Waste Land creates an unattractive image of London, we feel appalled by the amount of industrialization taking place as the surroundings are described as being encircled by the brown fog. The depiction of the industrialized city can become so shocking and brutal that it can in some ways be seen as a character. Furthermore The Waste Land conveys several distinct images that help to present a deeper meaning to the text. As we read through the poem, we come across the lines Sweet Thames, run softly, till I end my song.  [5]  This sentence conveys a feeling of sadness and obscurity. This frame of mind is related to the lines that follow which talk about death and sorrow, the mood of the text comes across as very dark and threatening. One of the main points seems to come into light through the portrayal of the River Thames. This river can be seen as symbolising death, it is like a bridge which the dead spirits need to cross over in order to face death. By saying that this person wants the river to run softly before the song ends indicates that this character is near death, and after his story has been said, he will be ready to accept it. Death in itself is a very dark topic in relation to the title of the poem; this passage can be seen as linking the time and the place together before death . The place is shown not to exist in the living world or the dead; it is conveyed as being something which is in between. This area can be seen in many ways as a Waste Land just as the poems title suggests. The Waste Land can be linked to many things in this poem, in this case it can be where the river Thames lays, a place where the living and the dead do not inhabit. The imagery bought across in these lines is very effective in relation to the mood and themes they set in the poem. They give the mood of sadness and mourning which gives deeper meaning to the rest of the text. All the way through the preceding lines after the Sweet Thames, there is a sad mood which flows in the course of the text. As the readers read on in The Waste Land, they get a feeling which indicates that even if they were to read something happy and cheerful in the poem it would still have a dark effect. The imagery of death, sorrow, sadness and gloom is very effective in this case as it allows the poem to set a feeling for the rest of the text. In the Waste Land à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the images and symbols fall broadly into two categories-firstly, images drawn from myth and religion, and secondly, images taken from the common aspects of urban life.  [6]   The modern city in contemporary literature is shown to be very complex in the 20th century. Within literature there are a number of writers who move towards the physical reality of the modern urban life and surroundings; Virginnia Woolf in many ways is a good example of this. In her novel Mrs. Dalloway, we are presented with the citys obscure feelings that link the perception of the two main protagonists together. The characters Woolf looks at are the the centre of life itself  [7]  . On the contrary, D.H. Lawrence has been the most provocative of modernist authors  [8]  , he shows his own understanding of the city as a place of desolation and division. His text Women in Love illustrates London as a corrupted city which is populated by outward characters who can only find their pleasure and happiness in sex, drinking and taking part in criminal activities. Both of these modernistic texts allow us as the readers to identify the different representations of urban life in a chan ging city; we are presented with images of the actual London and the illusory London. Both of these texts can in many ways portray similar themes, feelings and ideas towards the city which The Waste Land has previously been seen to do in this essay. In addition Mrs Dalloway and Septimus are characters in Woolfs novel who capture the passing moments of their lives in a city. Both of these characters are shown to be walking through the city and feeling the liveliness of London. Their responses to the same city symbols vary from one another. Septimus Smith says everything had come to a standstill  [9]  whereas Mrs Dalloway shows us she is amused by the noise and high energy of the city life. The opposing reflections both of these characters present show how their everyday city-occurrences result in a contradictory presentation of the city life; it offers an accurate sense of reality within this way of life. We can see this being present in the novel as Woolf uses free indirect speech. Her form of expression is a good linguistic technique in the novel; it acts as a verbal counterpart to the mental moments of uncertainty within the reality of urban life. In this sense, the contrasting reflections on the same incidents and Woolfs new form of expression result in an overlapping of the characters consciousnesses which at the same time link to images presented in the novel. In D.H Lawrences work on the other hand, traditional language is not enough to show his understanding and feelings towards modernity. The city is illustrated as a complex, and socially diverse place, the new forms of expression are essential in order to work in opposition to the growing sense of isolation. Lawrence is shown to be using repetition in his work in order to bring across the crowdedness and light-headedness of the atmosphere in the city. Birkin says I always feel so doomed when the train is running into London. I feel such despair, so hopeless, as if it were the end of the world.  [10]  The diction Lawrence chooses to use is very interesting to look at, he uses hopeless in different contexts and repeats himself in order to bring across Birkins emotions towards the city. We can say that the actual meaning of the diction he dec ides to use may in fact change and be a connection to the modern city and environment where it bears a resemblance to the new time of order and effectiveness. The characters in Women in Love are shown to undergo different experiences and feelings in relation to the modern city, for example they are shown to feel misery and corruption in the text. Lawrence brings across the unattractiveness of the urban and industrial city and establishes the citys mentality into the minds of the miners. As a result, he creates a perfect, inhuman system of machines, where the miners begin to deny their humanity in feeling satisfied to belong to the great and wonderful machine, even whilst it destroyed them  [11]  . There is a lot of depiction of the state of mind in Women in Love; Woolf also brings across this mental absorption of the citys characteristics through the characters she presents in Mrs Dalloway. Doing everything on time and being exact is something which is part of most modern minded people, this is symbolised by the way in which time is shown on Big Ben in the novel. Virginia Woolf presents the city as a physical place presenting the menta l state of mind of the characters. For Mrs Dalloway à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦silence falls on London; and falls on the mind  [12]  , this in many ways indicates a deep connection between the inner thoughts and emotions and the outer world. Septimus consciousness reflects the understandings of the outer world. He did not want to die. Life was good.  [13]   There are many ways in which we can see that the link between the city and the mental life is illustrated through the character of Peter Walsh. On one hand Peter suffers from the loneliness in London as he feels a strangeness of standing alone, alive, unknown, at half-past eleven in Trafalgar Square.  [14]  However he also uses this feeling to keep track of the young woman before she is lost in the city crowd. Peter chasing the young woman may in fact symbolize the change of social behaviour and interactions between the two sexes within the restrictions of the city. In Women in Love a new directness regarding sexuality is presented as a consequence of the changing cultural environment in the city. Alcohol and sexual excitement are presented as the main occupations of the Pussum and the other residents of the flat. Although Gudrun regards London as a foul town, it is within the urban city where her new understanding of art is recognized. In the flat, a weird number of modernist wo rks of art and influences are shown to symbolise the directness to non-traditional art. Within this environment of the modern city, we are presented with the Brangwen sisters as having much better chances to live their eminent individual personalities than within the well-known closeness of urban Beldover. Although Birkin and Gudrun detest the masses, Mrs Dalloway looks at the small crowdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦gathered at the gates of Buckingham Palace  [15]  from the distance it becomes striking and beautiful. It is the sense of an endless society and quality which attracts Woolf, Lawrence nonetheless is shocked by the crowds single mindedness. It is interesting to note that the characteristics of the crowd are not obvious for all citizens of the city. In conclusion we are able to identify the significance of the representation of the city in all three works by Lawrence, Eliot and Woolf. There are many different modernist representations of the city which come across in all three texts. What T.S. Eliot pictures as an isolated, distressed area, is in fact for Virginia Woolf a symbolic landscape of life and vibrancy, and for D.H. Lawrence an urban area of despair. All three diverse understandings and ideas of the city are reflected in the characters presented in the texts by the modernist authors. For this reason we are shown how Mrs Dalloways consciousness presents an optimistic image of the city, which is contrasted by both Birkin and Gudruns negativity. On the other hand, we do not only get the general approach of the presentation and its significance, the authors are shown to be expressing their personal and individual understandings and views of the city. The citys attitude of precision is symbolised within Geralds modernization of the coalmines which introduce the perfect inhuman machines to Beldover. Exactness can also be found in the strikes of Big Ben in Mrs Dalloway. Furthermore, in Mrs Dalloway the cities characteristics are mirroring the state of mind of the characters and give therefore another perspective of the urban landscape. In addition, Lawrences and Woolfs new modernist techniques of expression have the ability to cope with the progressively altering conditions of modernity within the city life. Woolfs free indirect speech gives a full meaning and insight into the awareness of the characters, therefore giving them a much better and accurate understanding of their own individual views of the city. Lawrence uses repetition in his language in order to improve his conventional understanding of particular terms and provides the city with new characteristics. As a result, the individual and subjective experiences of the authors offer a complex and deeper picture of the reality and unreality of a w eak city. WORD COUNT: 2732